Directions: In this section, you have two short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. Read the passage carefully and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based solely on the contents of the passage and the opinion of the author, and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly. People do not understand the nature or ramifications of most educational changes. They become involved in change voluntarily or involuntarily and in either case experience ambivalence about its meanings, form, and consequences. I have implied that there are a number of things at stake-changes in goals, skills, philosophy or beliefs, behaviour, etc. Subjectively these different aspects are experienced in a diffuse, incoherent manner. Change often is not conceived of as being multidimensional. Objectively, it is possible to clarify the meaning of an educational change by identifying and describing its separate dimensions. Ignorance of these dimensions explains a number of interesting phenomena in the field of educational changes : for example, why some people accept an innovation they do not understand; why some aspects of a change are implemented and others not; why strategies for change neglect certain essential components. The concept of objective reality is tricky. Reality is always defined by individuals and groups. But individuals and groups interact to produce social phenomena (constitutions, laws, policies, educational change programmes), which exist outside any given individual. There is also the danger that the objective reality is only the reflection of the producers of change and thus simply a glorified version of their subjective conceptions. We can reduce this problem by following the practice of posing double questions : "What is the existing conception of reality on a given issue?" Followed quickly by "says who?" Which of the following sums up the idea of the author?

Directions: In this section, you have two short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. Read the passage carefully and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based solely on the contents of the passage and the opinion of the author, and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly. People do not understand the nature or ramifications of most educational changes. They become involved in change voluntarily or involuntarily and in either case experience ambivalence about its meanings, form, and consequences. I have implied that there are a number of things at stake-changes in goals, skills, philosophy or beliefs, behaviour, etc. Subjectively these different aspects are experienced in a diffuse, incoherent manner. Change often is not conceived of as being multidimensional. Objectively, it is possible to clarify the meaning of an educational change by identifying and describing its separate dimensions. Ignorance of these dimensions explains a number of interesting phenomena in the field of educational changes : for example, why some people accept an innovation they do not understand; why some aspects of a change are implemented and others not; why strategies for change neglect certain essential components. The concept of objective reality is tricky. Reality is always defined by individuals and groups. But individuals and groups interact to produce social phenomena (constitutions, laws, policies, educational change programmes), which exist outside any given individual. There is also the danger that the objective reality is only the reflection of the producers of change and thus simply a glorified version of their subjective conceptions. We can reduce this problem by following the practice of posing double questions : "What is the existing conception of reality on a given issue?" Followed quickly by "says who?" Which of the following sums up the idea of the author?